Use snapshot testing when:

Verifying rendered output (HTML emails, reports, generated code)
Approving public API surfaces for breaking change detection
Testing HTTP response bodies and headers
Validating serialization output
Catching unintended changes in complex objects

What is Snapshot Testing?

Snapshot testing captures output and compares it against a human-approved baseline:

First run: Test generates a .received. file with actual output
Human review: Developer approves it, creating a .verified. file
Subsequent runs: Test compares output against .verified. file
Changes detected: Test fails, diff tool shows differences for review

This catches unintended changes while allowing intentional changes through explicit approval.

Installation

Add Verify Package

dotnet add package Verify.Xunit
# or for other test frameworks:
dotnet add package Verify.NUnit
dotnet add package Verify.MSTest

Configure ModuleInitializer

Create a ModuleInitializer.cs in your test project:

using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;

public static class ModuleInitializer
{
    [ModuleInitializer]
    public static void Init()
    {
        // Use source-file-relative paths for verified files
        VerifyBase.UseProjectRelativeDirectory("Snapshots");

        // Configure diff tool (optional - auto-detected)
        // DiffTools.UseOrder(DiffTool.Rider, DiffTool.VisualStudioCode);
    }
}

Basic Usage

Simple Object Verification

[Fact]
public Task VerifyUserDto()
{
    var user = new UserDto(
        Id: "user-123",
        Name: "John Doe",
        Email: "john@example.com",
        CreatedAt: new DateTime(2025, 1, 15));

    return Verify(user);
}

Creates VerifyUserDto.verified.txt:

{
  Id: user-123,
  Name: John Doe,
  Email: john@example.com,
  CreatedAt: 2025-01-15T00:00:00
}

String/HTML Verification

[Fact]
public async Task VerifyRenderedEmail()
{
    var html = await _emailRenderer.RenderAsync("Welcome", new { Name = "John" });

    // Use extension parameter for proper file naming
    await Verify(html, extension: "html");
}

Creates VerifyRenderedEmail.verified.html - viewable in browser.

Email Template Testing

Use Verify to catch unintended changes in rendered email templates:

[Fact]
public async Task UserSignupInvitation_RendersCorrectly()
{
    var renderer = _services.GetRequiredService<IMjmlTemplateRenderer>();

    var variables = new Dictionary<string, string>
    {
        { "OrganizationName", "Acme Corporation" },
        { "InviteeName", "John Doe" },
        { "InviterName", "Jane Admin" },
        { "InvitationLink", "https://example.com/invite/abc123" },
        { "ExpirationDate", "December 31, 2025" }
    };

    var html = await renderer.RenderTemplateAsync(
        "UserInvitations/UserSignupInvitation",
        variables);

    await Verify(html, extension: "html");
}

Benefits for email testing:

Catches CSS/layout regressions
Detects broken template variables
Visual review in diff tool
Version control tracks email changes

API Surface Approval

Prevent accidental breaking changes to public APIs:

[Fact]
public Task ApprovePublicApi()
{
    var assembly = typeof(MyLibrary.PublicClass).Assembly;

    var publicApi = assembly.GetExportedTypes()
        .OrderBy(t => t.FullName)
        .Select(t => new
        {
            Type = t.FullName,
            Members = t.GetMembers(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static)
                .Where(m => m.DeclaringType == t)
                .OrderBy(m => m.Name)
                .Select(m => m.ToString())
        });

    return Verify(publicApi);
}

Or use the dedicated ApiApprover package:

dotnet add package PublicApiGenerator
dotnet add package Verify.Xunit

[Fact]
public Task ApproveApi()
{
    var api = typeof(MyPublicClass).Assembly.GeneratePublicApi();
    return Verify(api);
}

Creates .verified.txt with full API surface - any change requires explicit approval.

HTTP Response Testing

[Fact]
public async Task GetUser_ReturnsExpectedResponse()
{
    var client = _factory.CreateClient();

    var response = await client.GetAsync("/api/users/123");

    // Verify status, headers, and body together
    await Verify(new
    {
        StatusCode = response.StatusCode,
        Headers = response.Headers
            .Where(h => h.Key.StartsWith("X-"))  // Custom headers only
            .ToDictionary(h => h.Key, h => h.Value.First()),
        Body = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync()
    });
}

Scrubbing Dynamic Values

Handle timestamps, GUIDs, and other dynamic content:

[Fact]
public Task VerifyOrder()
{
    var order = new Order
    {
        Id = Guid.NewGuid(),  // Different every run
        CreatedAt = DateTime.UtcNow,  // Different every run
        Total = 99.99m
    };

    return Verify(order)
        .ScrubMember("Id")  // Replace with placeholder
        .ScrubMember("CreatedAt");
}

Output:

{
  Id: Guid_1,
  CreatedAt: DateTime_1,
  Total: 99.99
}

Global Scrubbing

Configure in ModuleInitializer:

[ModuleInitializer]
public static void Init()
{
    VerifierSettings.ScrubMembersWithType<DateTime>();
    VerifierSettings.ScrubMembersWithType<DateTimeOffset>();
    VerifierSettings.ScrubMembersWithType<Guid>();

    // Scrub specific patterns
    VerifierSettings.AddScrubber(s =>
        Regex.Replace(s, @"token=[a-zA-Z0-9]+", "token=SCRUBBED"));
}

File Organization

Recommended Structure

tests/
  MyApp.Tests/
    Snapshots/           # All verified files
      EmailTests/
        WelcomeEmail.verified.html
        PasswordReset.verified.html
      ApiTests/
        GetUser.verified.txt
    EmailTests.cs
    ApiTests.cs
    ModuleInitializer.cs

.gitignore

# Verify - ignore received files (only commit verified)
*.received.*

.gitattributes

# Treat verified files as generated (collapse in PR diffs)
*.verified.txt linguist-generated=true
*.verified.html linguist-generated=true
*.verified.json linguist-generated=true

CI/CD Integration

Fail on Missing Verified Files

[ModuleInitializer]
public static void Init()
{
    // In CI, fail instead of launching diff tool
    if (Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("CI") == "true")
    {
        VerifyDiffPlex.UseDiffPlex(OutputType.Minimal);
        DiffRunner.Disabled = true;
    }
}

GitHub Actions

- name: Run tests
  run: dotnet test
  env:
    CI: true

- name: Upload snapshots on failure
  if: failure()
  uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
  with:
    name: snapshots
    path: |
      **/*.received.*
      **/*.verified.*

When to Use Snapshot Testing

| Rendered HTML/emails | Yes | Catches visual regressions

| API surfaces | Yes | Prevents accidental breaks

| Serialization output | Yes | Validates wire format

| Complex object graphs | Yes | Easier than manual assertions

| Simple value checks | No | Use regular assertions

| Business logic | No | Use explicit assertions

| Performance tests | No | Use benchmarks

Best Practices

DO

// Use descriptive test names - they become file names
[Fact]
public Task UserRegistration_WithValidData_ReturnsConfirmation()

// Scrub dynamic values consistently
VerifierSettings.ScrubMembersWithType<Guid>();

// Use extension parameter for non-text content
await Verify(html, extension: "html");

// Keep verified files in source control
git add *.verified.*

DON'T

// Don't verify random/dynamic data without scrubbing
var order = new Order { Id = Guid.NewGuid() };  // Fails every run!
await Verify(order);

// Don't commit .received files
git add *.received.*  // Wrong!

// Don't use for simple assertions
await Verify(result.Count);  // Just use Assert.Equal(5, result.Count)

Integration with MJML Email Testing

See the aspnetcore/transactional-emails skill for the complete pattern:

MJML templates with {{variable}} placeholders
Render to HTML with test data
Snapshot test the rendered output
Review changes in diff tool before approving

This catches:

Broken variable substitution
CSS/layout regressions
Email client compatibility issues
Unintended content changes

Resources

Verify GitHub: https://github.com/VerifyTests/Verify
Verify.Xunit: https://github.com/VerifyTests/Verify.Xunit
ApiApprover: https://github.com/JakeGinnivan/ApiApprover
DiffPlex Integration: https://github.com/VerifyTests/Verify.DiffPlex

snapshot-testing

安装