Django Framework Skill progressive_disclosure: entry_point: summary: "Full-featured Python web framework with batteries included (ORM, admin, auth)" when_to_use: - "When building content-heavy web applications" - "When needing built-in admin interface" - "When using Django ORM and migrations" - "When building REST APIs with Django REST Framework" quick_start: - "pip install django" - "django-admin startproject myproject" - "python manage.py runserver" token_estimate: entry: 75-90 full: 4500-5500 Overview

Django is a high-level Python web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design. Built by experienced developers, it takes care of much of the hassle of web development, enabling focus on writing applications without reinventing the wheel.

Key Philosophy: "Batteries included" - Django comes with extensive built-in features including ORM, authentication, admin interface, forms, and security features.

Core Concepts MVT Architecture (Model-View-Template)

Django follows the MVT pattern:

Model: Data layer (ORM models, database schema) View: Business logic (handles requests, returns responses) Template: Presentation layer (HTML with Django template language) Project vs Apps Project: The entire Django application (settings, URLs, WSGI config) Apps: Modular components (blog, auth, API) that can be reused across projects

Create project

django-admin startproject myproject cd myproject

Create app

python manage.py startapp blog

Register app in settings.py

INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', # ... 'blog', ]

Models and ORM Model Definition

models.py

from django.db import models from django.contrib.auth.models import User

class Category(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True) slug = models.SlugField(unique=True) created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

class Meta:
    verbose_name_plural = "categories"
    ordering = ['name']

def __str__(self):
    return self.name

class Post(models.Model): STATUS_CHOICES = [ ('draft', 'Draft'), ('published', 'Published'), ]

title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
slug = models.SlugField(unique=True)
author = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='posts')
category = models.ForeignKey(Category, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, null=True)
content = models.TextField()
status = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices=STATUS_CHOICES, default='draft')
published_at = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)
created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)

class Meta:
    ordering = ['-published_at']
    indexes = [
        models.Index(fields=['-published_at']),
        models.Index(fields=['slug']),
    ]

def __str__(self):
    return self.title

Common Field Types

Text fields

models.CharField(max_length=200) models.TextField() models.SlugField() models.EmailField() models.URLField()

Numeric fields

models.IntegerField() models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2) models.FloatField()

Date/time fields

models.DateField() models.DateTimeField() models.DurationField()

Boolean

models.BooleanField(default=False)

Relationships

models.ForeignKey(Model, on_delete=models.CASCADE) models.ManyToManyField(Model) models.OneToOneField(Model, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

Files

models.FileField(upload_to='uploads/') models.ImageField(upload_to='images/')

JSON (PostgreSQL)

models.JSONField()

Migrations

Create migrations after model changes

python manage.py makemigrations

View SQL that will be executed

python manage.py sqlmigrate blog 0001

Apply migrations

python manage.py migrate

Create empty migration for custom operations

python manage.py makemigrations --empty blog

Reverse migration

python manage.py migrate blog 0001

QuerySet API

Basic queries

Post.objects.all() Post.objects.filter(status='published') Post.objects.exclude(status='draft') Post.objects.get(pk=1) # Returns single object or raises DoesNotExist

Chaining filters

Post.objects.filter(status='published').filter(category__name='Tech')

Field lookups

Post.objects.filter(title__icontains='django') # Case-insensitive contains Post.objects.filter(published_at__year=2024) Post.objects.filter(published_at__gte=datetime(2024, 1, 1)) Post.objects.filter(author__username__startswith='john')

Ordering

Post.objects.order_by('-published_at') Post.objects.order_by('category', '-created_at')

Limiting

Post.objects.all()[:5] # First 5 Post.objects.all()[5:10] # Offset pagination

Aggregation

from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Sum Category.objects.annotate(post_count=Count('post')) Post.objects.aggregate(avg_length=Avg('content__length'))

Q objects for complex queries

from django.db.models import Q Post.objects.filter(Q(status='published') | Q(author=request.user)) Post.objects.filter(Q(status='published') & ~Q(category=None))

F expressions for field comparisons

from django.db.models import F Post.objects.filter(updated_at__gt=F('published_at'))

Select/Prefetch related (performance optimization)

Post.objects.select_related('author', 'category') # SQL JOIN Post.objects.prefetch_related('tags') # Separate query for M2M

Model Methods and Properties class Post(models.Model): # ... fields ...

@property
def is_published(self):
    return self.status == 'published' and self.published_at is not None

def get_absolute_url(self):
    from django.urls import reverse
    return reverse('post_detail', kwargs={'slug': self.slug})

def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
    # Auto-generate slug if not provided
    if not self.slug:
        from django.utils.text import slugify
        self.slug = slugify(self.title)
    super().save(*args, **kwargs)

class Meta:
    verbose_name = "blog post"
    verbose_name_plural = "blog posts"

Views Function-Based Views (FBV)

views.py

from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404, redirect from django.http import JsonResponse, HttpResponse from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required from .models import Post from .forms import PostForm

def post_list(request): posts = Post.objects.filter(status='published').select_related('author', 'category') context = {'posts': posts} return render(request, 'blog/post_list.html', context)

def post_detail(request, slug): post = get_object_or_404(Post, slug=slug, status='published') return render(request, 'blog/post_detail.html', {'post': post})

@login_required def post_create(request): if request.method == 'POST': form = PostForm(request.POST) if form.is_valid(): post = form.save(commit=False) post.author = request.user post.save() return redirect('post_detail', slug=post.slug) else: form = PostForm() return render(request, 'blog/post_form.html', {'form': form})

def api_posts(request): posts = Post.objects.filter(status='published').values('title', 'slug', 'published_at') return JsonResponse(list(posts), safe=False)

Class-Based Views (CBV)

views.py

from django.views.generic import ListView, DetailView, CreateView, UpdateView, DeleteView from django.contrib.auth.mixins import LoginRequiredMixin, UserPassesTestMixin from django.urls import reverse_lazy from .models import Post

class PostListView(ListView): model = Post template_name = 'blog/post_list.html' context_object_name = 'posts' paginate_by = 10

def get_queryset(self):
    return Post.objects.filter(status='published').select_related('author', 'category')

class PostDetailView(DetailView): model = Post template_name = 'blog/post_detail.html' context_object_name = 'post'

def get_queryset(self):
    return Post.objects.filter(status='published')

class PostCreateView(LoginRequiredMixin, CreateView): model = Post form_class = PostForm template_name = 'blog/post_form.html'

def form_valid(self, form):
    form.instance.author = self.request.user
    return super().form_valid(form)

class PostUpdateView(LoginRequiredMixin, UserPassesTestMixin, UpdateView): model = Post form_class = PostForm template_name = 'blog/post_form.html'

def test_func(self):
    post = self.get_object()
    return self.request.user == post.author

class PostDeleteView(LoginRequiredMixin, UserPassesTestMixin, DeleteView): model = Post success_url = reverse_lazy('post_list')

def test_func(self):
    post = self.get_object()
    return self.request.user == post.author

URLs and Routing

project/urls.py

from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [ path('admin/', admin.site.urls), path('blog/', include('blog.urls')), path('api/', include('api.urls')), ]

blog/urls.py

from django.urls import path from . import views

app_name = 'blog'

urlpatterns = [ path('', views.PostListView.as_view(), name='post_list'), path('post//', views.PostDetailView.as_view(), name='post_detail'), path('post/create/', views.PostCreateView.as_view(), name='post_create'), path('post//edit/', views.PostUpdateView.as_view(), name='post_update'), path('post//delete/', views.PostDeleteView.as_view(), name='post_delete'),

# Function-based views
path('api/posts/', views.api_posts, name='api_posts'),

]

Templates Template Syntax {# blog/templates/blog/post_list.html #} {% extends 'base.html' %}

{% block title %}Blog Posts{% endblock %}

{% block content %}

Blog Posts

{% if posts %} {% for post in posts %}

No posts found.

{# Pagination #}
{% if is_paginated %}
    <div class="pagination">
        {% if page_obj.has_previous %}
            <a href="?page=1">First</a>
            <a href="?page={{ page_obj.previous_page_number }}">Previous</a>
        {% endif %}

        Page {{ page_obj.number }} of {{ page_obj.paginator.num_pages }}

        {% if page_obj.has_next %}
            <a href="?page={{ page_obj.next_page_number }}">Next</a>
            <a href="?page={{ page_obj.paginator.num_pages }}">Last</a>
        {% endif %}
    </div>
{% endif %}

{% else %}

No posts available.

Template Filters and Tags {# Common filters #} {{ value|lower }} {{ value|upper }} {{ value|title }} {{ value|truncatewords:30 }} {{ value|date:"Y-m-d" }} {{ value|default:"N/A" }} {{ html_content|safe }} {# Disable auto-escaping #} {{ url|urlencode }}

{# Custom template tag #} {% load custom_tags %}

{# Include other templates #}

{# Static files #} <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/style.css' %}">

Forms Form Definition

forms.py

from django import forms from .models import Post, Category

class PostForm(forms.ModelForm): class Meta: model = Post fields = ['title', 'slug', 'category', 'content', 'status'] widgets = { 'content': forms.Textarea(attrs={'rows': 10}), 'slug': forms.TextInput(attrs={'placeholder': 'auto-generated-if-empty'}), }

def clean_slug(self):
    slug = self.cleaned_data.get('slug')
    if slug and Post.objects.filter(slug=slug).exclude(pk=self.instance.pk).exists():
        raise forms.ValidationError('This slug is already in use.')
    return slug

class ContactForm(forms.Form): name = forms.CharField(max_length=100) email = forms.EmailField() subject = forms.CharField(max_length=200) message = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)

def clean_email(self):
    email = self.cleaned_data.get('email')
    if email and not email.endswith('@example.com'):
        raise forms.ValidationError('Please use your company email.')
    return email

def send_email(self):
    # Send email logic
    pass

Form Usage in Views def contact_view(request): if request.method == 'POST': form = ContactForm(request.POST) if form.is_valid(): form.send_email() messages.success(request, 'Message sent successfully!') return redirect('contact_success') else: form = ContactForm() return render(request, 'contact.html', {'form': form})

Form Rendering in Templates

Django Admin Basic Admin Configuration

admin.py

from django.contrib import admin from .models import Post, Category

@admin.register(Category) class CategoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): list_display = ['name', 'slug', 'created_at'] prepopulated_fields = {'slug': ('name',)} search_fields = ['name']

@admin.register(Post) class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): list_display = ['title', 'author', 'category', 'status', 'published_at'] list_filter = ['status', 'category', 'created_at'] search_fields = ['title', 'content'] prepopulated_fields = {'slug': ('title',)} date_hierarchy = 'published_at' ordering = ['-published_at']

fieldsets = (
    ('Basic Information', {
        'fields': ('title', 'slug', 'author', 'category')
    }),
    ('Content', {
        'fields': ('content',)
    }),
    ('Publication', {
        'fields': ('status', 'published_at')
    }),
)

def get_queryset(self, request):
    qs = super().get_queryset(request)
    return qs.select_related('author', 'category')

Advanced Admin Features class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): # Custom actions actions = ['make_published', 'make_draft']

def make_published(self, request, queryset):
    updated = queryset.update(status='published')
    self.message_user(request, f'{updated} posts marked as published.')
make_published.short_description = "Mark selected posts as published"

# Inline editing
class TagInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Post.tags.through
    extra = 1

inlines = [TagInline]

# Custom methods in list_display
def author_email(self, obj):
    return obj.author.email
author_email.short_description = 'Author Email'

list_display = ['title', 'author', 'author_email', 'status']

Authentication and Permissions User Authentication

views.py

from django.contrib.auth import authenticate, login, logout from django.contrib.auth.forms import UserCreationForm from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required, permission_required

def login_view(request): if request.method == 'POST': username = request.POST['username'] password = request.POST['password'] user = authenticate(request, username=username, password=password) if user is not None: login(request, user) return redirect('home') return render(request, 'login.html')

def logout_view(request): logout(request) return redirect('home')

def register_view(request): if request.method == 'POST': form = UserCreationForm(request.POST) if form.is_valid(): user = form.save() login(request, user) return redirect('home') else: form = UserCreationForm() return render(request, 'register.html', {'form': form})

@login_required def profile_view(request): return render(request, 'profile.html')

@permission_required('blog.add_post') def create_post_view(request): # Only users with 'add_post' permission can access pass

Custom User Model

models.py

from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser

class CustomUser(AbstractUser): bio = models.TextField(blank=True) avatar = models.ImageField(upload_to='avatars/', null=True, blank=True) website = models.URLField(blank=True)

settings.py

AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'accounts.CustomUser'

Permissions

Check permissions in views

if request.user.has_perm('blog.delete_post'): # User can delete posts pass

Check in templates

{% if perms.blog.add_post %} Create Post

Custom permissions

class Post(models.Model): class Meta: permissions = [ ('can_publish', 'Can publish posts'), ]

Django REST Framework Installation and Setup pip install djangorestframework

settings.py

INSTALLED_APPS = [ # ... 'rest_framework', ]

REST_FRAMEWORK = { 'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [ 'rest_framework.permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly', ], 'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination', 'PAGE_SIZE': 10, 'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': [ 'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication', 'rest_framework.authentication.TokenAuthentication', ], }

Serializers

serializers.py

from rest_framework import serializers from .models import Post, Category

class CategorySerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = Category fields = ['id', 'name', 'slug']

class PostSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): author = serializers.ReadOnlyField(source='author.username') category = CategorySerializer(read_only=True) category_id = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField( queryset=Category.objects.all(), source='category', write_only=True )

class Meta:
    model = Post
    fields = ['id', 'title', 'slug', 'author', 'category', 'category_id',
              'content', 'status', 'published_at', 'created_at']
    read_only_fields = ['author', 'created_at']

def validate_title(self, value):
    if len(value) < 5:
        raise serializers.ValidationError("Title must be at least 5 characters.")
    return value

API Views

views.py

from rest_framework import viewsets, permissions, status from rest_framework.decorators import action from rest_framework.response import Response from .models import Post from .serializers import PostSerializer

class IsAuthorOrReadOnly(permissions.BasePermission): def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj): if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS: return True return obj.author == request.user

class PostViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet): queryset = Post.objects.all() serializer_class = PostSerializer permission_classes = [permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly, IsAuthorOrReadOnly] lookup_field = 'slug'

def get_queryset(self):
    queryset = Post.objects.select_related('author', 'category')
    status = self.request.query_params.get('status')
    if status:
        queryset = queryset.filter(status=status)
    return queryset

def perform_create(self, serializer):
    serializer.save(author=self.request.user)

@action(detail=True, methods=['post'])
def publish(self, request, slug=None):
    post = self.get_object()
    post.status = 'published'
    post.published_at = timezone.now()
    post.save()
    return Response({'status': 'post published'})

API URLs

api/urls.py

from rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter from blog.views import PostViewSet

router = DefaultRouter() router.register(r'posts', PostViewSet)

urlpatterns = router.urls

Testing Unit Tests with Django TestCase

tests.py

from django.test import TestCase, Client from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model from django.urls import reverse from .models import Post, Category

User = get_user_model()

class PostModelTest(TestCase): def setUp(self): self.user = User.objects.create_user(username='testuser', password='12345') self.category = Category.objects.create(name='Tech', slug='tech')

def test_post_creation(self):
    post = Post.objects.create(
        title='Test Post',
        slug='test-post',
        author=self.user,
        category=self.category,
        content='Test content'
    )
    self.assertEqual(post.title, 'Test Post')
    self.assertEqual(str(post), 'Test Post')

def test_get_absolute_url(self):
    post = Post.objects.create(
        title='Test Post',
        slug='test-post',
        author=self.user,
        content='Test'
    )
    self.assertEqual(post.get_absolute_url(), '/blog/post/test-post/')

class PostViewTest(TestCase): def setUp(self): self.client = Client() self.user = User.objects.create_user(username='testuser', password='12345') self.post = Post.objects.create( title='Test Post', slug='test-post', author=self.user, content='Test content', status='published' )

def test_post_list_view(self):
    response = self.client.get(reverse('blog:post_list'))
    self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
    self.assertContains(response, 'Test Post')

def test_post_detail_view(self):
    response = self.client.get(reverse('blog:post_detail', kwargs={'slug': 'test-post'}))
    self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
    self.assertContains(response, 'Test Post')

def test_post_create_requires_login(self):
    response = self.client.get(reverse('blog:post_create'))
    self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # Redirect to login

def test_post_create_authenticated(self):
    self.client.login(username='testuser', password='12345')
    response = self.client.post(reverse('blog:post_create'), {
        'title': 'New Post',
        'slug': 'new-post',
        'content': 'New content',
        'status': 'draft'
    })
    self.assertEqual(Post.objects.count(), 2)

Testing with pytest-django pip install pytest-django pytest-cov

pytest.ini

[pytest] DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE = myproject.settings python_files = tests.py test_.py _tests.py

conftest.py

import pytest from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model

User = get_user_model()

@pytest.fixture def user(db): return User.objects.create_user(username='testuser', password='12345')

@pytest.fixture def category(db): from blog.models import Category return Category.objects.create(name='Tech', slug='tech')

@pytest.fixture def post(db, user, category): from blog.models import Post return Post.objects.create( title='Test Post', slug='test-post', author=user, category=category, content='Test content', status='published' )

test_models.py

import pytest from blog.models import Post

@pytest.mark.django_db def test_post_creation(user, category): post = Post.objects.create( title='Test Post', slug='test-post', author=user, category=category, content='Test content' ) assert post.title == 'Test Post' assert str(post) == 'Test Post'

@pytest.mark.django_db def test_post_queryset(post): posts = Post.objects.filter(status='published') assert posts.count() == 1 assert posts.first() == post

test_views.py

import pytest from django.urls import reverse

@pytest.mark.django_db def test_post_list_view(client, post): response = client.get(reverse('blog:post_list')) assert response.status_code == 200 assert 'Test Post' in str(response.content)

@pytest.mark.django_db def test_post_create_requires_login(client): response = client.get(reverse('blog:post_create')) assert response.status_code == 302

@pytest.mark.django_db def test_post_create_authenticated(client, user): client.force_login(user) response = client.post(reverse('blog:post_create'), { 'title': 'New Post', 'slug': 'new-post', 'content': 'New content', 'status': 'draft' }) assert Post.objects.count() == 1

Run tests with coverage

pytest --cov=blog --cov-report=html

Database Optimization Select Related and Prefetch Related

N+1 query problem (BAD)

posts = Post.objects.all() for post in posts: print(post.author.username) # Hits database for each post

Solution with select_related (for ForeignKey/OneToOne)

posts = Post.objects.select_related('author', 'category') for post in posts: print(post.author.username) # No additional queries

Solution with prefetch_related (for ManyToMany/Reverse ForeignKey)

posts = Post.objects.prefetch_related('tags') for post in posts: for tag in post.tags.all(): # No additional queries print(tag.name)

Advanced prefetch with filtering

from django.db.models import Prefetch posts = Post.objects.prefetch_related( Prefetch('comments', queryset=Comment.objects.filter(approved=True)) )

Database Indexing class Post(models.Model): title = models.CharField(max_length=200, db_index=True)

class Meta:
    indexes = [
        models.Index(fields=['status', '-published_at']),
        models.Index(fields=['author', 'status']),
    ]

Bulk Operations

Bulk create (single query)

posts = [ Post(title=f'Post {i}', content=f'Content {i}', author=user) for i in range(100) ] Post.objects.bulk_create(posts)

Bulk update (single query)

Post.objects.filter(status='draft').update(status='published')

Bulk delete

Post.objects.filter(created_at__lt=old_date).delete()

Middleware and Signals Custom Middleware

middleware.py

class RequestLoggingMiddleware: def init(self, get_response): self.get_response = get_response

def __call__(self, request):
    # Code before view
    print(f"Request: {request.method} {request.path}")

    response = self.get_response(request)

    # Code after view
    print(f"Response: {response.status_code}")
    return response

settings.py

MIDDLEWARE = [ # ... 'myapp.middleware.RequestLoggingMiddleware', ]

Signals

signals.py

from django.db.models.signals import post_save, pre_delete from django.dispatch import receiver from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model from .models import Post

User = get_user_model()

@receiver(post_save, sender=User) def create_user_profile(sender, instance, created, **kwargs): if created: Profile.objects.create(user=instance)

@receiver(post_save, sender=Post) def notify_post_published(sender, instance, **kwargs): if instance.status == 'published' and instance.published_at: # Send notification pass

@receiver(pre_delete, sender=Post) def cleanup_post_files(sender, instance, **kwargs): # Delete associated files if instance.image: instance.image.delete(save=False)

apps.py

class BlogConfig(AppConfig): name = 'blog'

def ready(self):
    import blog.signals

Settings and Configuration Settings Best Practices

settings/base.py

import os from pathlib import Path

BASE_DIR = Path(file).resolve().parent.parent

SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get('SECRET_KEY') DEBUG = False

INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', # Third-party 'rest_framework', # Local 'blog', ]

DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql', 'NAME': os.environ.get('DB_NAME'), 'USER': os.environ.get('DB_USER'), 'PASSWORD': os.environ.get('DB_PASSWORD'), 'HOST': os.environ.get('DB_HOST', 'localhost'), 'PORT': os.environ.get('DB_PORT', '5432'), } }

settings/development.py

from .base import *

DEBUG = True ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['localhost', '127.0.0.1']

settings/production.py

from .base import *

DEBUG = False ALLOWED_HOSTS = [os.environ.get('ALLOWED_HOST')] SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = True SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = True CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE = True

Deployment Production Checklist

Check deployment readiness

python manage.py check --deploy

Docker Deployment

Dockerfile

FROM python:3.11-slim

ENV PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1

WORKDIR /app

COPY requirements.txt . RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt

COPY . .

RUN python manage.py collectstatic --noinput

CMD ["gunicorn", "myproject.wsgi:application", "--bind", "0.0.0.0:8000"]

docker-compose.yml

version: '3.8'

services: db: image: postgres:15 environment: POSTGRES_DB: mydb POSTGRES_USER: myuser POSTGRES_PASSWORD: mypassword volumes: - postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data

web: build: . command: gunicorn myproject.wsgi:application --bind 0.0.0.0:8000 volumes: - .:/app - static_volume:/app/staticfiles ports: - "8000:8000" env_file: - .env depends_on: - db

nginx: image: nginx:alpine volumes: - ./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf - static_volume:/app/staticfiles ports: - "80:80" depends_on: - web

volumes: postgres_data: static_volume:

Gunicorn Configuration

gunicorn.conf.py

bind = "0.0.0.0:8000" workers = 4 worker_class = "sync" worker_connections = 1000 timeout = 30 keepalive = 2 accesslog = "-" errorlog = "-" loglevel = "info"

Security Best Practices

settings.py (production)

SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get('SECRET_KEY') # Never hardcode DEBUG = False ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['yourdomain.com']

HTTPS/SSL

SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = True SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = True CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE = True SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS = 31536000 SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS = True SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD = True

Security headers

SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF = True SECURE_BROWSER_XSS_FILTER = True X_FRAME_OPTIONS = 'DENY'

Password validation

AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [ {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator'}, {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator'}, {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator'}, {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator'}, ]

CSRF protection (automatically enabled)

Always use {% csrf_token %} in forms

Common Patterns and Best Practices Environment Variables

Use python-decouple or django-environ

from decouple import config

SECRET_KEY = config('SECRET_KEY') DEBUG = config('DEBUG', default=False, cast=bool) DATABASE_URL = config('DATABASE_URL')

Custom Management Commands

blog/management/commands/cleanup_posts.py

from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand from blog.models import Post from datetime import timedelta from django.utils import timezone

class Command(BaseCommand): help = 'Delete old draft posts'

def add_arguments(self, parser):
    parser.add_argument('--days', type=int, default=30)

def handle(self, *args, **options):
    days = options['days']
    cutoff_date = timezone.now() - timedelta(days=days)
    deleted = Post.objects.filter(
        status='draft',
        created_at__lt=cutoff_date
    ).delete()
    self.stdout.write(self.style.SUCCESS(f'Deleted {deleted[0]} posts'))

Run: python manage.py cleanup_posts --days=60

Caching

settings.py

CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.redis.RedisCache', 'LOCATION': 'redis://127.0.0.1:6379/1', } }

views.py

from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page from django.core.cache import cache

@cache_page(60 * 15) # Cache for 15 minutes def post_list(request): posts = Post.objects.filter(status='published') return render(request, 'blog/post_list.html', {'posts': posts})

Low-level cache API

def get_post_count(): count = cache.get('post_count') if count is None: count = Post.objects.filter(status='published').count() cache.set('post_count', count, 60 * 60) # Cache for 1 hour return count

Quick Reference Common Commands

Project management

django-admin startproject myproject python manage.py startapp myapp python manage.py runserver python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000

Database

python manage.py makemigrations python manage.py migrate python manage.py showmigrations python manage.py sqlmigrate app_name 0001 python manage.py dbshell

Users

python manage.py createsuperuser python manage.py changepassword username

Static files

python manage.py collectstatic

Testing

python manage.py test pytest pytest --cov=app --cov-report=html

Shell

python manage.py shell python manage.py shell_plus # django-extensions

Production

python manage.py check --deploy gunicorn myproject.wsgi:application

Useful Packages

Development

pip install django-debug-toolbar pip install django-extensions

REST API

pip install djangorestframework pip install djangorestframework-simplejwt

Testing

pip install pytest-django pip install factory-boy

Deployment

pip install gunicorn pip install whitenoise # Static file serving

Utilities

pip install python-decouple pip install django-environ pip install celery # Task queue

Next Steps: Explore Django documentation at https://docs.djangoproject.com/ and Django REST Framework at https://www.django-rest-framework.org/

Related Skills

When using Django, these skills enhance your workflow:

sqlalchemy: Alternative ORM for SQLAlchemy-first projects with advanced query capabilities test-driven-development: Complete TDD workflow for Django apps (models, views, forms) fastapi-local-dev: FastAPI development patterns for building Django + FastAPI hybrid systems celery: Asynchronous task processing for Django background jobs and scheduled tasks

[Full documentation available in these skills if deployed in your bundle]