Validate Evaluator Calibrate an LLM judge against human judgment. Overview Split human-labeled data into train (10-20%), dev (40-45%), test (40-45%) Run judge on dev set and measure TPR/TNR Iterate on the judge until TPR and TNR > 90% on dev set Run once on held-out test set for final TPR/TNR Apply bias correction formula to production data Prerequisites A built LLM judge prompt (from write-judge-prompt) Human-labeled data: ~100 traces with binary Pass/Fail labels per failure mode Aim for ~50 Pass and ~50 Fail (balanced, even if real distribution is skewed) Labels must come from a domain expert, not outsourced annotators Candidate few-shot examples from your labeled data Core Instructions Step 1: Create Data Splits Split human-labeled data into three disjoint sets: Split Size Purpose Rules Training 10-20% (~10-20 examples) Source of few-shot examples for the judge prompt Only clear-cut Pass and Fail cases. Used directly in the prompt. Dev 40-45% (~40-45 examples) Iterative evaluator refinement Never include in the prompt. Evaluate against repeatedly. Test 40-45% (~40-45 examples) Final unbiased accuracy measurement Do NOT look at during development. Used once at the end. Target: 30-50 examples of each class (Pass and Fail) across dev and test combined. Use balanced splits even if real-world prevalence is skewed — you need enough Fail examples to measure TNR reliably. from sklearn . model_selection import train_test_split

First split: separate test set

train_dev , test = train_test_split ( labeled_data , test_size = 0.4 , stratify = labeled_data [ 'label' ] , random_state = 42 )

Second split: separate training examples from dev set

train , dev = train_test_split ( train_dev , test_size = 0.75 , stratify = train_dev [ 'label' ] , random_state = 42 )

Result: ~15% train, ~45% dev, ~40% test

Step 2: Run Evaluator on Dev Set Run the judge on every example in the dev set. Compare predictions to human labels. Step 3: Measure TPR and TNR TPR (True Positive Rate): When a human says Pass, how often does the judge also say Pass? TPR = (judge says Pass AND human says Pass) / (human says Pass) TNR (True Negative Rate): When a human says Fail, how often does the judge also say Fail? TNR = (judge says Fail AND human says Fail) / (human says Fail) from sklearn . metrics import confusion_matrix tn , fp , fn , tp = confusion_matrix ( human_labels , evaluator_labels , labels = [ 'Fail' , 'Pass' ] ) . ravel ( ) tpr = tp / ( tp + fn ) tnr = tn / ( tn + fp ) Use TPR/TNR, not Precision/Recall or raw accuracy. These two metrics directly map to the bias correction formula. Use Cohen's Kappa only for measuring agreement between two human annotators, not for judge-vs-ground-truth. Step 4: Inspect Disagreements Examine every case where the judge disagrees with human labels: Disagreement Type Judge Human Fix False Pass Pass Fail Judge is too lenient. Strengthen Fail definitions or add edge-case examples. False Fail Fail Pass Judge is too strict. Clarify Pass definitions or adjust examples. For each disagreement, determine whether to: Clarify wording in the judge prompt Swap or add few-shot examples from the training set Add explicit rules for the edge case Split the criterion into more specific sub-checks Step 5: Iterate Refine the judge prompt and re-run on the dev set. Repeat until TPR and TNR stabilize. Stopping criteria: Target: TPR > 90% AND TNR > 90% Minimum acceptable: TPR > 80% AND TNR > 80% If alignment stalls: Problem Solution TPR and TNR both low Use a more capable LLM for the judge One metric low, one acceptable Inspect disagreements for the low metric specifically Both plateau below target Decompose the criterion into smaller, more atomic checks Consistently wrong on certain input types Add targeted few-shot examples from training set Labels themselves seem inconsistent Re-examine human labels; the rubric may need refinement Step 6: Final Measurement on Test Set Run the judge exactly once on the held-out test set. Record final TPR and TNR. Do not iterate after seeing test set results. Go back to step 4 with new dev data if needed. Step 7 (Optional): Estimate True Success Rate (Rogan-Gladen Correction) Raw judge scores on unlabeled production data are biased. If you need an accurate aggregate pass rate, correct for known judge errors: theta_hat = (p_obs + TNR - 1) / (TPR + TNR - 1) Where: p_obs = fraction of unlabeled traces the judge scored as Pass TPR , TNR = from test set measurement theta_hat = corrected estimate of true success rate Clip to [0, 1]. Invalid when TPR + TNR - 1 is near 0 (judge is no better than random). Example: Judge TPR = 0.92, TNR = 0.88 500 production traces: 400 scored Pass -> p_obs = 0.80 theta_hat = (0.80 + 0.88 - 1) / (0.92 + 0.88 - 1) = 0.68 / 0.80 = 0.85 True success rate is ~85%, not the raw 80% Step 8: Confidence Interval Compute a bootstrap confidence interval. A point estimate alone is not enough. import numpy as np def bootstrap_ci ( human_labels , eval_labels , p_obs , n_bootstrap = 2000 ) : """Bootstrap 95% CI for corrected success rate.""" n = len ( human_labels ) estimates = [ ] for _ in range ( n_bootstrap ) : idx = np . random . choice ( n , size = n , replace = True ) h = np . array ( human_labels ) [ idx ] e = np . array ( eval_labels ) [ idx ] tp = ( ( h == 'Pass' ) & ( e == 'Pass' ) ) . sum ( ) fn = ( ( h == 'Pass' ) & ( e == 'Fail' ) ) . sum ( ) tn = ( ( h == 'Fail' ) & ( e == 'Fail' ) ) . sum ( ) fp = ( ( h == 'Fail' ) & ( e == 'Pass' ) ) . sum ( ) tpr_b = tp / ( tp + fn ) if ( tp + fn )

0 else 0 tnr_b = tn / ( tn + fp ) if ( tn + fp )

0 else 0 denom = tpr_b + tnr_b - 1 if abs ( denom ) < 1e-6 : continue theta = ( p_obs + tnr_b - 1 ) / denom estimates . append ( np . clip ( theta , 0 , 1 ) ) return np . percentile ( estimates , 2.5 ) , np . percentile ( estimates , 97.5 ) lower , upper = bootstrap_ci ( test_human , test_eval , p_obs = 0.80 ) print ( f"95% CI: [ { lower : .2f } , { upper : .2f } ]" ) Or use judgy ( pip install judgy ): from judgy import estimate_success_rate result = estimate_success_rate ( human_labels = test_human_labels , evaluator_labels = test_eval_labels , unlabeled_labels = prod_eval_labels ) print ( f"Corrected rate: { result . estimate : .2f } " ) print ( f"95% CI: [ { result . ci_lower : .2f } , { result . ci_upper : .2f } ]" ) Practical Guidance Pin exact model versions for LLM judges (e.g., gpt-4o-2024-05-13 , not gpt-4o ). Providers update models without notice, causing silent drift. Re-validate after changing the judge prompt, switching models, or when production confidence intervals widen unexpectedly. Use ~100 labeled examples (50 Pass, 50 Fail). Below 60, confidence intervals become wide. One trusted domain expert is the most efficient labeling path. If not feasible, have two annotators label 20-50 traces independently and resolve disagreements before proceeding. Improving TPR narrows the confidence interval more than improving TNR. The correction formula divides by TPR, so low TPR amplifies estimation errors into wide CIs. Anti-Patterns Assuming judges "just work" without validation. A judge may consistently miss failures or flag passing traces. Using raw accuracy or percent agreement. Use TPR and TNR. With class imbalance, raw accuracy is misleading. Dev/test examples as few-shot examples. This is data leakage. Reporting dev set performance as final accuracy. Dev numbers are optimistic. The test set gives the unbiased estimate. Raw judge scores without bias correction. If you report an aggregate pass rate, apply the Rogan-Gladen formula (Step 7). Point estimates without confidence intervals. A corrected rate of 85% could easily be 78-92% with small test sets. Report the range so stakeholders know how much to trust the number.