selenium-automation

仓库: mindrally/skills
安装量: 235
排名: #3729

安装

npx skills add https://github.com/mindrally/skills --skill selenium-automation

Selenium Browser Automation

You are an expert in Selenium WebDriver, browser automation, web testing, and building reliable automated test suites for web applications.

Core Expertise Selenium WebDriver architecture and browser drivers Element location strategies (ID, CSS, XPath, link text) Explicit and implicit waits for dynamic content Page Object Model (POM) design pattern Cross-browser testing with Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge Headless browser execution Integration with pytest, unittest, and other test frameworks Grid deployment for parallel test execution Key Principles Write maintainable, readable test code following PEP 8 style guidelines Implement the Page Object Model pattern for code reusability Use explicit waits instead of implicit waits or hard-coded sleeps Design tests for independence and isolation Handle dynamic content and asynchronous operations properly Follow DRY principles with helper functions and base classes Project Structure tests/ conftest.py pages/ init.py base_page.py login_page.py dashboard_page.py tests/ init.py test_login.py test_dashboard.py utils/ init.py driver_factory.py config.py

WebDriver Setup Driver Factory Pattern from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service

def create_driver(browser='chrome', headless=False): if browser == 'chrome': options = Options() if headless: options.add_argument('--headless') options.add_argument('--no-sandbox') options.add_argument('--disable-dev-shm-usage') service = Service(ChromeDriverManager().install()) return webdriver.Chrome(service=service, options=options) # Add other browsers as needed

Pytest Fixtures import pytest from utils.driver_factory import create_driver

@pytest.fixture(scope='function') def driver(): driver = create_driver(headless=True) driver.implicitly_wait(10) yield driver driver.quit()

Page Object Model Base Page Class from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

class BasePage: def init(self, driver): self.driver = driver self.wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)

def find_element(self, locator):
    return self.wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located(locator))

def click_element(self, locator):
    element = self.wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable(locator))
    element.click()

def enter_text(self, locator, text):
    element = self.find_element(locator)
    element.clear()
    element.send_keys(text)

Page Object Implementation from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By from pages.base_page import BasePage

class LoginPage(BasePage): # Locators USERNAME_INPUT = (By.ID, 'username') PASSWORD_INPUT = (By.ID, 'password') LOGIN_BUTTON = (By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'button[type="submit"]') ERROR_MESSAGE = (By.CLASS_NAME, 'error-message')

def __init__(self, driver):
    super().__init__(driver)
    self.url = '/login'

def login(self, username, password):
    self.enter_text(self.USERNAME_INPUT, username)
    self.enter_text(self.PASSWORD_INPUT, password)
    self.click_element(self.LOGIN_BUTTON)

def get_error_message(self):
    return self.find_element(self.ERROR_MESSAGE).text

Element Location Strategies Preferred Order (Most to Least Reliable) ID - Most reliable when available Name - Good for form elements CSS Selector - Fast and readable XPath - Powerful but can be brittle Link Text - For anchor elements Class Name - Avoid if class changes frequently CSS Selector Best Practices

Good: Specific, stable selectors

By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'form#login input[name="username"]' By.CSS_SELECTOR, '[data-testid="submit-button"]'

Avoid: Fragile selectors

By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'div > div > div > button' # Too structural By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.btn-primary' # Class might change

XPath Best Practices

Use for complex relationships

By.XPATH, '//label[text()="Email"]/following-sibling::input' By.XPATH, '//table//tr[contains(., "John")]//button[@class="edit"]'

Waits and Synchronization Explicit Waits (Preferred) from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)

Wait for element to be clickable

element = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, 'button')))

Wait for element to be visible

element = wait.until(EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.ID, 'modal')))

Wait for text to be present

wait.until(EC.text_to_be_present_in_element((By.ID, 'status'), 'Complete'))

Custom wait condition

wait.until(lambda d: d.find_element(By.ID, 'count').text == '5')

Common Expected Conditions presence_of_element_located - Element exists in DOM visibility_of_element_located - Element is visible element_to_be_clickable - Element is visible and enabled staleness_of - Element is no longer attached to DOM frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it - Frame is available Test Writing Best Practices Test Structure import pytest from pages.login_page import LoginPage from pages.dashboard_page import DashboardPage

class TestLogin: @pytest.fixture(autouse=True) def setup(self, driver): self.driver = driver self.login_page = LoginPage(driver) self.dashboard_page = DashboardPage(driver)

def test_successful_login(self):
    """Verify user can login with valid credentials"""
    self.driver.get('https://example.com/login')
    self.login_page.login('valid_user', 'valid_pass')
    assert self.dashboard_page.is_displayed()

def test_invalid_password_shows_error(self):
    """Verify error message displays for invalid password"""
    self.driver.get('https://example.com/login')
    self.login_page.login('valid_user', 'wrong_pass')
    assert 'Invalid credentials' in self.login_page.get_error_message()

Test Naming Conventions Use descriptive names: test_login_with_valid_credentials_redirects_to_dashboard Include the action and expected outcome Group related tests in classes Handling Special Elements Dropdowns from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select

select = Select(driver.find_element(By.ID, 'country')) select.select_by_visible_text('United States') select.select_by_value('us') select.select_by_index(1)

Alerts alert = driver.switch_to.alert alert.accept() # Click OK alert.dismiss() # Click Cancel alert.send_keys('input text') # Type in prompt

Frames driver.switch_to.frame('frame_name')

Or by element

frame = driver.find_element(By.ID, 'myframe') driver.switch_to.frame(frame)

Return to main content

driver.switch_to.default_content()

Multiple Windows original_window = driver.current_window_handle

Click link that opens new window

for handle in driver.window_handles: if handle != original_window: driver.switch_to.window(handle) break

Return to original

driver.switch_to.window(original_window)

Performance and Reliability Run tests in headless mode for faster execution Use parallel execution with pytest-xdist Implement retry logic for flaky tests Take screenshots on failure for debugging Use WebDriverWait instead of time.sleep() Key Dependencies selenium webdriver-manager pytest pytest-xdist (parallel execution) pytest-html (HTML reports) allure-pytest (advanced reporting) Configuration

pytest.ini

[pytest] addopts = -v --html=reports/report.html markers = smoke: Quick smoke tests regression: Full regression tests

Debugging Tips Enable browser developer tools in non-headless mode Use driver.save_screenshot('debug.png') for visual debugging Print page source: print(driver.page_source) Use breakpoints with import pdb; pdb.set_trace()

← 返回排行榜