Spring Boot 开发指南概述 Spring Boot 是一个基于 Spring 框架的快速开发框架，提供了自动配置、起步依赖等特性，简化了 Spring 应用的开发。核心特性 1. 项目创建使用 Spring Initializr ：访问 https://start.spring.io/ 或使用 IDE 插件创建项目。使用 CLI ：

安装 Spring Boot CLI

brew install spring-boot

创建项目

spring init --dependencies = web,data-jpa,postgresql my-project Maven 项目结构： my-project/ ├── src/ │ ├── main/ │ │ ├── java/ │ │ │ └── com/example/ │ │ │ └── MyApplication.java │ │ └── resources/ │ │ ├── application.properties │ │ └── application.yml │ └── test/ ├── pom.xml └── README.md 2. 自动配置 Spring Boot 通过自动配置简化了配置工作。 application.yml ： spring : application : name : my - app datasource : url : jdbc : postgresql : //localhost : 5432/mydb username : postgres password : password driver-class-name : org.postgresql.Driver jpa : hibernate : ddl-auto : update show-sql : true server : port : 8080 application.properties ： spring.application.name = my-app spring.datasource.url = jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/mydb spring.datasource.username = postgres spring.datasource.password = password spring.datasource.driver-class-name = org.postgresql.Driver spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto = update spring.jpa.show-sql = true server.port = 8080 3. 依赖注入使用 @Component ： @Component public class UserService { public String getUserName ( Long id ) { return "User " + id ; } } 使用 @Service ： @Service public class UserService { private final UserRepository userRepository ; public UserService ( UserRepository userRepository ) { this . userRepository = userRepository ; } public User findById ( Long id ) { return userRepository . findById ( id ) . orElseThrow ( ( ) -> new UserNotFoundException ( id ) ) ; } } 使用 @Repository ： @Repository public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository < User , Long

{ Optional < User

findByEmail ( String email ) ; List < User

findByNameContaining ( String name ) ; } 4. Web 开发 REST Controller ： @RestController @RequestMapping ( "/api/users" ) public class UserController { private final UserService userService ; public UserController ( UserService userService ) { this . userService = userService ; } @GetMapping public List < User

getAllUsers ( ) { return userService . findAll ( ) ; } @GetMapping ( "/{id}" ) public User getUserById ( @PathVariable Long id ) { return userService . findById ( id ) ; } @PostMapping public User createUser ( @RequestBody User user ) { return userService . save ( user ) ; } @PutMapping ( "/{id}" ) public User updateUser ( @PathVariable Long id , @RequestBody User user ) { return userService . update ( id , user ) ; } @DeleteMapping ( "/{id}" ) public void deleteUser ( @PathVariable Long id ) { userService . delete ( id ) ; } } 异常处理： @ControllerAdvice public class GlobalExceptionHandler { @ExceptionHandler ( UserNotFoundException . class ) public ResponseEntity < ErrorResponse

handleUserNotFound ( UserNotFoundException ex ) { ErrorResponse error = new ErrorResponse ( HttpStatus . NOT_FOUND . value ( ) , ex . getMessage ( ) ) ; return new ResponseEntity <

( error , HttpStatus . NOT_FOUND ) ; } } 5. 数据访问 JPA Entity ： @Entity @Table ( name = "users" ) public class User { @Id @GeneratedValue ( strategy = GenerationType . IDENTITY ) private Long id ; @Column ( nullable = false ) private String name ; @Column ( unique = true , nullable = false ) private String email ; // Getters and Setters } Repository ： @Repository public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository < User , Long

{ Optional < User

findByEmail ( String email ) ; List < User

findByNameContaining ( String name ) ; @Query ( "SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.email = :email" ) Optional < User

findByEmailCustom ( @Param ( "email" ) String email ) ; } Service ： @Service @Transactional public class UserService { private final UserRepository userRepository ; public UserService ( UserRepository userRepository ) { this . userRepository = userRepository ; } public User save ( User user ) { return userRepository . save ( user ) ; } public Optional < User

findById ( Long id ) { return userRepository . findById ( id ) ; } public List < User

findAll ( ) { return userRepository . findAll ( ) ; } public void delete ( Long id ) { userRepository . deleteById ( id ) ; } } 6. 配置管理 @ConfigurationProperties ： @ConfigurationProperties ( prefix = "app" ) @Data public class AppProperties { private String name ; private String version ; private Database database ; @Data public static class Database { private String host ; private int port ; private String name ; } } 使用配置： app : name : my - app version : 1.0.0 database : host : localhost port : 5432 name : mydb 7. 安全（Spring Security）依赖： < dependency

< groupId

org.springframework.boot </ groupId

< artifactId

spring-boot-starter-security </ artifactId

</ dependency

配置： @Configuration @EnableWebSecurity public class SecurityConfig { @Bean public SecurityFilterChain filterChain ( HttpSecurity http ) throws Exception { http . authorizeHttpRequests ( auth -> auth . requestMatchers ( "/api/public/**" ) . permitAll ( ) . anyRequest ( ) . authenticated ( ) ) . httpBasic ( ) ; return http . build ( ) ; } } 8. 测试单元测试： @SpringBootTest class UserServiceTest { @Autowired private UserService userService ; @Test void testFindById ( ) { User user = userService . findById ( 1L ) . orElseThrow ( ) ; assertNotNull ( user ) ; } } 集成测试： @SpringBootTest ( webEnvironment = SpringBootTest . WebEnvironment . RANDOM_PORT ) @AutoConfigureMockMvc class UserControllerTest { @Autowired private MockMvc mockMvc ; @Test void testGetUser ( ) throws Exception { mockMvc . perform ( get ( "/api/users/1" ) ) . andExpect ( status ( ) . isOk ( ) ) . andExpect ( jsonPath ( "$.name" ) . value ( "John" ) ) ; } } 最佳实践 1. 项目结构 com.example.myapp/ ├── controller/ # 控制器 ├── service/ # 服务层 ├── repository/ # 数据访问层 ├── entity/ # 实体类 ├── dto/ # 数据传输对象 ├── config/ # 配置类 └── exception/ # 异常类 2. 依赖注入优先使用构造函数注入避免使用 @Autowired 字段注入使用 @RequiredArgsConstructor (Lombok) 3. 异常处理使用 @ControllerAdvice 全局异常处理定义自定义异常类返回统一的错误响应格式 4. 配置管理使用 application.yml 而非 application.properties 区分开发、测试、生产环境配置使用 @ConfigurationProperties 绑定配置常用依赖

< dependency

< groupId

org.springframework.boot </ groupId

< artifactId

spring-boot-starter-web </ artifactId

</ dependency

< dependency

< groupId

org.springframework.boot </ groupId

< artifactId

spring-boot-starter-data-jpa </ artifactId

</ dependency

< dependency

< groupId

org.postgresql </ groupId

< artifactId

postgresql </ artifactId

</ dependency

< dependency

< groupId

org.projectlombok </ groupId

< artifactId

lombok </ artifactId

</ dependency

示例 Prompt "使用 Spring Boot 创建一个 REST API 项目" "如何在 Spring Boot 中使用 JPA 进行数据访问？" "Spring Boot 中如何配置数据库连接？" "如何在 Spring Boot 中实现全局异常处理？" "Spring Boot 中如何使用 Spring Security？"