Expert guidance for Ruby development, including Ruby 3+ features, Rails framework, testing with RSpec, and Ruby best practices.

Core Concepts

Ruby 3+ Features

• Pattern matching

• Ractors (parallel execution)

• Fibers (cooperative concurrency)

• Type signatures (RBS)

• Endless methods

• Numbered block parameters

• Hash literal value omission

Object-Oriented

• Everything is an object

• Classes and modules

• Inheritance and mixins

• Method visibility (public, private, protected)

• Singleton methods and eigenclasses

• Duck typing

Functional Features

• Blocks, procs, and lambdas

• Higher-order functions (map, reduce, select)

• Enumerables

• Lazy evaluation

Modern Ruby Syntax

Pattern Matching (Ruby 3.0+)

# Case/in pattern matching
def process_response(response)
  case response
  in { status: 200, body: }
    puts "Success: #{body}"
  in { status: 404 }
    puts "Not found"
  in { status: 500..599, error: message }
    puts "Server error: #{message}"
  else
    puts "Unknown response"
  end
end

# Rightward assignment
response = { status: 200, body: "OK" }
response => { status:, body: }
puts status  # 200
puts body    # "OK"

# Array pattern matching
def summarize(data)
  case data
  in []
    "Empty"
  in [item]
    "Single item: #{item}"
  in [first, *rest]
    "First: #{first}, Rest: #{rest.length} items"
  end
end

Endless Methods

# Single-line method definition
def greet(name) = "Hello, #{name}!"

def square(x) = x * x

def full_name = "#{first_name} #{last_name}"

class User
  attr_reader :name, :email

  def initialize(name:, email:) = (@name = name; @email = email)

  def admin? = @role == :admin
end

Numbered Block Parameters

# Use _1, _2, etc. for block parameters
[1, 2, 3].map { _1 * 2 }  # [2, 4, 6]

{ a: 1, b: 2 }.map { "#{_1}: #{_2}" }  # ["a: 1", "b: 2"]

users.sort_by { [_1.last_name, _1.first_name] }

Hash Literal Value Omission

name = "Alice"
age = 30
email = "alice@example.com"

# Before
user = { name: name, age: age, email: email }

# After (Ruby 3.1+)
user = { name:, age:, email: }

Ruby on Rails

Rails 7+ Application

# app/models/user.rb
class User < ApplicationRecord
  # Validations
  validates :email, presence: true, uniqueness: true, format: { with: URI::MailTo::EMAIL_REGEXP }
  validates :name, presence: true, length: { minimum: 2, maximum: 100 }
  validates :age, numericality: { greater_than_or_equal_to: 18 }, allow_nil: true

  # Associations
  has_many :posts, dependent: :destroy
  has_many :comments, dependent: :destroy
  has_many :likes, dependent: :destroy
  has_many :liked_posts, through: :likes, source: :post

  # Scopes
  scope :active, -> { where(active: true) }
  scope :recent, -> { order(created_at: :desc) }
  scope :with_posts, -> { joins(:posts).distinct }

  # Callbacks
  before_save :normalize_email
  after_create :send_welcome_email

  # Enums
  enum role: { user: 0, moderator: 1, admin: 2 }

  # Instance methods
  def full_name
    "#{first_name} #{last_name}"
  end

  def admin?
    role == 'admin'
  end

  private

  def normalize_email
    self.email = email.downcase.strip
  end

  def send_welcome_email
    UserMailer.welcome(self).deliver_later
  end
end

# app/models/post.rb
class Post < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :user
  has_many :comments, dependent: :destroy
  has_many :likes, dependent: :destroy
  has_many :liking_users, through: :likes, source: :user

  has_one_attached :cover_image
  has_rich_text :content

  validates :title, presence: true, length: { minimum: 5, maximum: 200 }
  validates :content, presence: true

  scope :published, -> { where(published: true) }
  scope :by_user, ->(user) { where(user: user) }
  scope :search, ->(query) { where('title ILIKE ? OR content ILIKE ?', "%#{query}%", "%#{query}%") }

  before_save :generate_slug

  def publish!
    update!(published: true, published_at: Time.current)
  end

  private

  def generate_slug
    self.slug = title.parameterize
  end
end

Controllers

# app/controllers/api/v1/posts_controller.rb
module Api
  module V1
    class PostsController < ApplicationController
      before_action :authenticate_user!, except: [:index, :show]
      before_action :set_post, only: [:show, :update, :destroy]
      before_action :authorize_post, only: [:update, :destroy]

      # GET /api/v1/posts
      def index
        @posts = Post.published
                     .includes(:user, :comments)
                     .page(params[:page])
                     .per(20)

        render json: @posts, each_serializer: PostSerializer
      end

      # GET /api/v1/posts/:id
      def show
        render json: @post, serializer: PostSerializer, include: [:user, :comments]
      end

      # POST /api/v1/posts
      def create
        @post = current_user.posts.build(post_params)

        if @post.save
          render json: @post, serializer: PostSerializer, status: :created
        else
          render json: { errors: @post.errors.full_messages }, status: :unprocessable_entity
        end
      end

      # PATCH/PUT /api/v1/posts/:id
      def update
        if @post.update(post_params)
          render json: @post, serializer: PostSerializer
        else
          render json: { errors: @post.errors.full_messages }, status: :unprocessable_entity
        end
      end

      # DELETE /api/v1/posts/:id
      def destroy
        @post.destroy
        head :no_content
      end

      private

      def set_post
        @post = Post.find(params[:id])
      rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
        render json: { error: 'Post not found' }, status: :not_found
      end

      def authorize_post
        unless @post.user == current_user || current_user.admin?
          render json: { error: 'Unauthorized' }, status: :forbidden
        end
      end

      def post_params
        params.require(:post).permit(:title, :content, :published, :cover_image)
      end
    end
  end
end

Active Record Queries

# Efficient queries
User.includes(:posts).where(posts: { published: true })
User.joins(:posts).group('users.id').having('COUNT(posts.id) > ?', 5)
User.left_joins(:posts).where(posts: { id: nil })  # Users with no posts

# Complex queries
Post.where('created_at > ?', 1.week.ago)
    .where(published: true)
    .order(created_at: :desc)
    .limit(10)

# Find or create
user = User.find_or_create_by(email: 'user@example.com') do |u|
  u.name = 'New User'
  u.role = :user
end

# Upsert (Rails 6+)
User.upsert({ email: 'user@example.com', name: 'Alice' }, unique_by: :email)

# Batch processing
User.find_each(batch_size: 100) do |user|
  user.update_subscription_status
end

# Transactions
ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
  user.update!(balance: user.balance - amount)
  recipient.update!(balance: recipient.balance + amount)
  Transaction.create!(from: user, to: recipient, amount: amount)
end

# Raw SQL (when needed)
ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(
  "SELECT * FROM users WHERE created_at > '2024-01-01'"
)

Background Jobs (Sidekiq)

# app/jobs/send_email_job.rb
class SendEmailJob < ApplicationJob
  queue_as :default
  retry_on Net::SMTPServerBusy, wait: :exponentially_longer

  def perform(user_id, email_type)
    user = User.find(user_id)
    case email_type
    when 'welcome'
      UserMailer.welcome(user).deliver_now
    when 'notification'
      UserMailer.notification(user).deliver_now
    end
  end
end

# Usage
SendEmailJob.perform_later(user.id, 'welcome')
SendEmailJob.set(wait: 1.hour).perform_later(user.id, 'notification')

Mailers

# app/mailers/user_mailer.rb
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
  default from: 'noreply@example.com'

  def welcome(user)
    @user = user
    @url  = 'https://example.com/login'
    mail(to: @user.email, subject: 'Welcome to My App')
  end

  def notification(user, message)
    @user = user
    @message = message
    mail(
      to: @user.email,
      subject: 'New Notification',
      reply_to: 'support@example.com'
    )
  end
end

Routes

# config/routes.rb
Rails.application.routes.draw do
  root 'home#index'

  # RESTful resources
  resources :posts do
    member do
      post :publish
      post :like
    end
    collection do
      get :trending
    end
    resources :comments, only: [:create, :destroy]
  end

  # Nested resources
  resources :users do
    resources :posts, only: [:index, :show]
  end

  # Namespaced routes
  namespace :api do
    namespace :v1 do
      resources :posts, only: [:index, :show, :create, :update, :destroy]
      resources :users, only: [:index, :show]
    end
  end

  # Constraints
  constraints(subdomain: 'api') do
    scope module: 'api' do
      resources :posts
    end
  end

  # Custom routes
  get '/about', to: 'pages#about'
  post '/contact', to: 'pages#contact'
end

Testing with RSpec

Model Specs

# spec/models/user_spec.rb
require 'rails_helper'

RSpec.describe User, type: :model do
  describe 'validations' do
    it { should validate_presence_of(:email) }
    it { should validate_uniqueness_of(:email) }
    it { should validate_presence_of(:name) }
    it { should validate_length_of(:name).is_at_least(2).is_at_most(100) }
  end

  describe 'associations' do
    it { should have_many(:posts).dependent(:destroy) }
    it { should have_many(:comments).dependent(:destroy) }
  end

  describe '#full_name' do
    it 'returns the full name' do
      user = User.new(first_name: 'Alice', last_name: 'Smith')
      expect(user.full_name).to eq('Alice Smith')
    end
  end

  describe '#admin?' do
    it 'returns true for admin users' do
      user = User.new(role: :admin)
      expect(user).to be_admin
    end

    it 'returns false for regular users' do
      user = User.new(role: :user)
      expect(user).not_to be_admin
    end
  end

  describe 'callbacks' do
    it 'normalizes email before save' do
      user = create(:user, email: ' Alice@Example.COM ')
      expect(user.email).to eq('alice@example.com')
    end

    it 'sends welcome email after create' do
      expect {
        create(:user)
      }.to have_enqueued_job(SendEmailJob).with(anything, 'welcome')
    end
  end
end

Controller Specs

# spec/controllers/posts_controller_spec.rb
require 'rails_helper'

RSpec.describe PostsController, type: :controller do
  let(:user) { create(:user) }
  let(:post) { create(:post, user: user) }

  describe 'GET #index' do
    it 'returns a success response' do
      get :index
      expect(response).to have_http_status(:success)
    end

    it 'assigns @posts' do
      post1 = create(:post, published: true)
      post2 = create(:post, published: true)
      get :index
      expect(assigns(:posts)).to match_array([post1, post2])
    end
  end

  describe 'POST #create' do
    context 'when authenticated' do
      before { sign_in user }

      context 'with valid params' do
        let(:valid_params) { { post: { title: 'Test Post', content: 'Content' } } }

        it 'creates a new post' do
          expect {
            post :create, params: valid_params
          }.to change(Post, :count).by(1)
        end

        it 'returns created status' do
          post :create, params: valid_params
          expect(response).to have_http_status(:created)
        end
      end

      context 'with invalid params' do
        let(:invalid_params) { { post: { title: '' } } }

        it 'does not create a post' do
          expect {
            post :create, params: invalid_params
          }.not_to change(Post, :count)
        end

        it 'returns unprocessable entity status' do
          post :create, params: invalid_params
          expect(response).to have_http_status(:unprocessable_entity)
        end
      end
    end

    context 'when not authenticated' do
      it 'returns unauthorized status' do
        post :create, params: { post: { title: 'Test' } }
        expect(response).to have_http_status(:unauthorized)
      end
    end
  end
end

Request Specs

# spec/requests/api/v1/posts_spec.rb
require 'rails_helper'

RSpec.describe 'Api::V1::Posts', type: :request do
  let(:user) { create(:user) }
  let(:headers) { { 'Authorization' => "Bearer #{user.auth_token}" } }

  describe 'GET /api/v1/posts' do
    before do
      create_list(:post, 3, published: true)
      create(:post, published: false)
    end

    it 'returns published posts' do
      get '/api/v1/posts'
      expect(response).to have_http_status(:success)
      expect(JSON.parse(response.body).length).to eq(3)
    end

    it 'paginates results' do
      create_list(:post, 25, published: true)
      get '/api/v1/posts', params: { page: 2 }
      expect(JSON.parse(response.body).length).to eq(8)  # 28 total, 20 per page
    end
  end

  describe 'POST /api/v1/posts' do
    context 'with valid params' do
      let(:valid_params) do
        { post: { title: 'Test Post', content: 'Content' } }
      end

      it 'creates a post' do
        expect {
          post '/api/v1/posts', params: valid_params, headers: headers
        }.to change(Post, :count).by(1)
      end

      it 'returns the created post' do
        post '/api/v1/posts', params: valid_params, headers: headers
        expect(response).to have_http_status(:created)
        expect(JSON.parse(response.body)['title']).to eq('Test Post')
      end
    end
  end
end

FactoryBot

spec/factories/users.rb

FactoryBot.define do factory :user do sequence(:email) { |n| "user#{n}@example.com" } name { Faker::Name.name } password { 'password123' } role { :user }

trait :admin do
  role { :admin }
end

trait :with_posts do
  transient do
    posts_count { 5 }
  end

  after(:create) do |user, evaluator|
    create_list(:post, evaluator.posts_count, user: user)
  end
end

end

factory :post do association :user title { Faker::Lorem.sentence } content { Faker::Lorem.paragraph } published { false <span class="token punctu