Systematic Debugging Overview Random fixes waste time and create new bugs. Quick patches mask underlying issues. Core principle: ALWAYS find root cause before attempting fixes. Symptom fixes are failure. Violating the letter of this process is violating the spirit of debugging. The Iron Law NO FIXES WITHOUT ROOT CAUSE INVESTIGATION FIRST If you haven't completed Phase 1, you cannot propose fixes. When to Use Use for ANY technical issue: Test failures Bugs in production Unexpected behavior Performance problems Build failures Integration issues Use this ESPECIALLY when: Under time pressure (emergencies make guessing tempting) "Just one quick fix" seems obvious You've already tried multiple fixes Previous fix didn't work You don't fully understand the issue Don't skip when: Issue seems simple (simple bugs have root causes too) You're in a hurry (rushing guarantees rework) Manager wants it fixed NOW (systematic is faster than thrashing) The Four Phases You MUST complete each phase before proceeding to the next. Phase 1: Root Cause Investigation BEFORE attempting ANY fix: Read Error Messages Carefully Don't skip past errors or warnings They often contain the exact solution Read stack traces completely Note line numbers, file paths, error codes Reproduce Consistently Can you trigger it reliably? What are the exact steps? Does it happen every time? If not reproducible → gather more data, don't guess Check Recent Changes What changed that could cause this? Git diff, recent commits New dependencies, config changes Environmental differences Gather Evidence in Multi-Component Systems WHEN system has multiple components (CI → build → signing, API → service → database): BEFORE proposing fixes, add diagnostic instrumentation: For EACH component boundary: - Log what data enters component - Log what data exits component - Verify environment/config propagation - Check state at each layer Run once to gather evidence showing WHERE it breaks THEN analyze evidence to identify failing component THEN investigate that specific component Example (multi-layer system):

Layer 1: Workflow

echo "=== Secrets available in workflow: ===" echo "IDENTITY: ${IDENTITY :+ SET} ${IDENTITY :- UNSET} "

Layer 2: Build script

echo "=== Env vars in build script: ===" env | grep IDENTITY || echo "IDENTITY not in environment"

Layer 3: Signing script

echo "=== Keychain state: ===" security list-keychains security find-identity -v

Layer 4: Actual signing

codesign --sign " $IDENTITY " --verbose = 4 " $APP " This reveals: Which layer fails (secrets → workflow ✓, workflow → build ✗) Trace Data Flow WHEN error is deep in call stack: See root-cause-tracing.md in this directory for the complete backward tracing technique. Quick version: Where does bad value originate? What called this with bad value? Keep tracing up until you find the source Fix at source, not at symptom Phase 2: Pattern Analysis Find the pattern before fixing: Find Working Examples Locate similar working code in same codebase What works that's similar to what's broken? Compare Against References If implementing pattern, read reference implementation COMPLETELY Don't skim - read every line Understand the pattern fully before applying Identify Differences What's different between working and broken? List every difference, however small Don't assume "that can't matter" Understand Dependencies What other components does this need? What settings, config, environment? What assumptions does it make? Phase 3: Hypothesis and Testing Scientific method: Form Single Hypothesis State clearly: "I think X is the root cause because Y" Write it down Be specific, not vague Test Minimally Make the SMALLEST possible change to test hypothesis One variable at a time Don't fix multiple things at once Verify Before Continuing Did it work? Yes → Phase 4 Didn't work? Form NEW hypothesis DON'T add more fixes on top When You Don't Know Say "I don't understand X" Don't pretend to know Ask for help Research more Phase 4: Implementation Fix the root cause, not the symptom: Create Failing Test Case Simplest possible reproduction Automated test if possible One-off test script if no framework MUST have before fixing Use the superpowers:test-driven-development skill for writing proper failing tests Implement Single Fix Address the root cause identified ONE change at a time No "while I'm here" improvements No bundled refactoring Verify Fix Test passes now? No other tests broken? Issue actually resolved? If Fix Doesn't Work STOP Count: How many fixes have you tried? If < 3: Return to Phase 1, re-analyze with new information If ≥ 3: STOP and question the architecture (step 5 below) DON'T attempt Fix #4 without architectural discussion If 3+ Fixes Failed: Question Architecture Pattern indicating architectural problem: Each fix reveals new shared state/coupling/problem in different place Fixes require "massive refactoring" to implement Each fix creates new symptoms elsewhere STOP and question fundamentals: Is this pattern fundamentally sound? Are we "sticking with it through sheer inertia"? Should we refactor architecture vs. continue fixing symptoms? Discuss with your human partner before attempting more fixes This is NOT a failed hypothesis - this is a wrong architecture. Red Flags - STOP and Follow Process If you catch yourself thinking: "Quick fix for now, investigate later" "Just try changing X and see if it works" "Add multiple changes, run tests" "Skip the test, I'll manually verify" "It's probably X, let me fix that" "I don't fully understand but this might work" "Pattern says X but I'll adapt it differently" "Here are the main problems: [lists fixes without investigation]" Proposing solutions before tracing data flow "One more fix attempt" (when already tried 2+) Each fix reveals new problem in different place ALL of these mean: STOP. Return to Phase 1. If 3+ fixes failed: Question the architecture (see Phase 4.5) your human partner's Signals You're Doing It Wrong Watch for these redirections: "Is that not happening?" - You assumed without verifying "Will it show us...?" - You should have added evidence gathering "Stop guessing" - You're proposing fixes without understanding "Ultrathink this" - Question fundamentals, not just symptoms "We're stuck?" (frustrated) - Your approach isn't working When you see these: STOP. Return to Phase 1. Common Rationalizations Excuse Reality "Issue is simple, don't need process" Simple issues have root causes too. Process is fast for simple bugs. "Emergency, no time for process" Systematic debugging is FASTER than guess-and-check thrashing. "Just try this first, then investigate" First fix sets the pattern. Do it right from the start. "I'll write test after confirming fix works" Untested fixes don't stick. Test first proves it. "Multiple fixes at once saves time" Can't isolate what worked. Causes new bugs. "Reference too long, I'll adapt the pattern" Partial understanding guarantees bugs. Read it completely. "I see the problem, let me fix it" Seeing symptoms ≠ understanding root cause. "One more fix attempt" (after 2+ failures) 3+ failures = architectural problem. Question pattern, don't fix again. Quick Reference Phase Key Activities Success Criteria 1. Root Cause Read errors, reproduce, check changes, gather evidence Understand WHAT and WHY 2. Pattern Find working examples, compare Identify differences 3. Hypothesis Form theory, test minimally Confirmed or new hypothesis 4. Implementation Create test, fix, verify Bug resolved, tests pass When Process Reveals "No Root Cause" If systematic investigation reveals issue is truly environmental, timing-dependent, or external: You've completed the process Document what you investigated Implement appropriate handling (retry, timeout, error message) Add monitoring/logging for future investigation But: 95% of "no root cause" cases are incomplete investigation. Supporting Techniques These techniques are part of systematic debugging and available in this directory: root-cause-tracing.md - Trace bugs backward through call stack to find original trigger defense-in-depth.md - Add validation at multiple layers after finding root cause condition-based-waiting.md - Replace arbitrary timeouts with condition polling