FastAPI Project Templates
Production-ready FastAPI project structures with async patterns, dependency injection, middleware, and best practices for building high-performance APIs.
When to Use This Skill Starting new FastAPI projects from scratch Implementing async REST APIs with Python Building high-performance web services and microservices Creating async applications with PostgreSQL, MongoDB Setting up API projects with proper structure and testing Core Concepts 1. Project Structure
Recommended Layout:
app/ ├── api/ # API routes │ ├── v1/ │ │ ├── endpoints/ │ │ │ ├── users.py │ │ │ ├── auth.py │ │ │ └── items.py │ │ └── router.py │ └── dependencies.py # Shared dependencies ├── core/ # Core configuration │ ├── config.py │ ├── security.py │ └── database.py ├── models/ # Database models │ ├── user.py │ └── item.py ├── schemas/ # Pydantic schemas │ ├── user.py │ └── item.py ├── services/ # Business logic │ ├── user_service.py │ └── auth_service.py ├── repositories/ # Data access │ ├── user_repository.py │ └── item_repository.py └── main.py # Application entry
- Dependency Injection
FastAPI's built-in DI system using Depends:
Database session management Authentication/authorization Shared business logic Configuration injection 3. Async Patterns
Proper async/await usage:
Async route handlers Async database operations Async background tasks Async middleware Implementation Patterns Pattern 1: Complete FastAPI Application
main.py
from fastapi import FastAPI, Depends from fastapi.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
@asynccontextmanager async def lifespan(app: FastAPI): """Application lifespan events.""" # Startup await database.connect() yield # Shutdown await database.disconnect()
app = FastAPI( title="API Template", version="1.0.0", lifespan=lifespan )
CORS middleware
app.add_middleware( CORSMiddleware, allow_origins=[""], allow_credentials=True, allow_methods=[""], allow_headers=["*"], )
Include routers
from app.api.v1.router import api_router app.include_router(api_router, prefix="/api/v1")
core/config.py
from pydantic_settings import BaseSettings from functools import lru_cache
class Settings(BaseSettings): """Application settings.""" DATABASE_URL: str SECRET_KEY: str ACCESS_TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES: int = 30 API_V1_STR: str = "/api/v1"
class Config:
env_file = ".env"
@lru_cache() def get_settings() -> Settings: return Settings()
core/database.py
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine, AsyncSession from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker from app.core.config import get_settings
settings = get_settings()
engine = create_async_engine( settings.DATABASE_URL, echo=True, future=True )
AsyncSessionLocal = sessionmaker( engine, class_=AsyncSession, expire_on_commit=False )
Base = declarative_base()
async def get_db() -> AsyncSession: """Dependency for database session.""" async with AsyncSessionLocal() as session: try: yield session await session.commit() except Exception: await session.rollback() raise finally: await session.close()
Pattern 2: CRUD Repository Pattern
repositories/base_repository.py
from typing import Generic, TypeVar, Type, Optional, List from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession from sqlalchemy import select from pydantic import BaseModel
ModelType = TypeVar("ModelType") CreateSchemaType = TypeVar("CreateSchemaType", bound=BaseModel) UpdateSchemaType = TypeVar("UpdateSchemaType", bound=BaseModel)
class BaseRepository(Generic[ModelType, CreateSchemaType, UpdateSchemaType]): """Base repository for CRUD operations."""
def __init__(self, model: Type[ModelType]):
self.model = model
async def get(self, db: AsyncSession, id: int) -> Optional[ModelType]:
"""Get by ID."""
result = await db.execute(
select(self.model).where(self.model.id == id)
)
return result.scalars().first()
async def get_multi(
self,
db: AsyncSession,
skip: int = 0,
limit: int = 100
) -> List[ModelType]:
"""Get multiple records."""
result = await db.execute(
select(self.model).offset(skip).limit(limit)
)
return result.scalars().all()
async def create(
self,
db: AsyncSession,
obj_in: CreateSchemaType
) -> ModelType:
"""Create new record."""
db_obj = self.model(**obj_in.dict())
db.add(db_obj)
await db.flush()
await db.refresh(db_obj)
return db_obj
async def update(
self,
db: AsyncSession,
db_obj: ModelType,
obj_in: UpdateSchemaType
) -> ModelType:
"""Update record."""
update_data = obj_in.dict(exclude_unset=True)
for field, value in update_data.items():
setattr(db_obj, field, value)
await db.flush()
await db.refresh(db_obj)
return db_obj
async def delete(self, db: AsyncSession, id: int) -> bool:
"""Delete record."""
obj = await self.get(db, id)
if obj:
await db.delete(obj)
return True
return False
repositories/user_repository.py
from app.repositories.base_repository import BaseRepository from app.models.user import User from app.schemas.user import UserCreate, UserUpdate
class UserRepository(BaseRepository[User, UserCreate, UserUpdate]): """User-specific repository."""
async def get_by_email(self, db: AsyncSession, email: str) -> Optional[User]:
"""Get user by email."""
result = await db.execute(
select(User).where(User.email == email)
)
return result.scalars().first()
async def is_active(self, db: AsyncSession, user_id: int) -> bool:
"""Check if user is active."""
user = await self.get(db, user_id)
return user.is_active if user else False
user_repository = UserRepository(User)
Pattern 3: Service Layer
services/user_service.py
from typing import Optional from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession from app.repositories.user_repository import user_repository from app.schemas.user import UserCreate, UserUpdate, User from app.core.security import get_password_hash, verify_password
class UserService: """Business logic for users."""
def __init__(self):
self.repository = user_repository
async def create_user(
self,
db: AsyncSession,
user_in: UserCreate
) -> User:
"""Create new user with hashed password."""
# Check if email exists
existing = await self.repository.get_by_email(db, user_in.email)
if existing:
raise ValueError("Email already registered")
# Hash password
user_in_dict = user_in.dict()
user_in_dict["hashed_password"] = get_password_hash(user_in_dict.pop("password"))
# Create user
user = await self.repository.create(db, UserCreate(**user_in_dict))
return user
async def authenticate(
self,
db: AsyncSession,
email: str,
password: str
) -> Optional[User]:
"""Authenticate user."""
user = await self.repository.get_by_email(db, email)
if not user:
return None
if not verify_password(password, user.hashed_password):
return None
return user
async def update_user(
self,
db: AsyncSession,
user_id: int,
user_in: UserUpdate
) -> Optional[User]:
"""Update user."""
user = await self.repository.get(db, user_id)
if not user:
return None
if user_in.password:
user_in_dict = user_in.dict(exclude_unset=True)
user_in_dict["hashed_password"] = get_password_hash(
user_in_dict.pop("password")
)
user_in = UserUpdate(**user_in_dict)
return await self.repository.update(db, user, user_in)
user_service = UserService()
Pattern 4: API Endpoints with Dependencies
api/v1/endpoints/users.py
from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, status from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession from typing import List
from app.core.database import get_db from app.schemas.user import User, UserCreate, UserUpdate from app.services.user_service import user_service from app.api.dependencies import get_current_user
router = APIRouter()
@router.post("/", response_model=User, status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED) async def create_user( user_in: UserCreate, db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db) ): """Create new user.""" try: user = await user_service.create_user(db, user_in) return user except ValueError as e: raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
@router.get("/me", response_model=User) async def read_current_user( current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user) ): """Get current user.""" return current_user
@router.get("/{user_id}", response_model=User) async def read_user( user_id: int, db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db), current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user) ): """Get user by ID.""" user = await user_service.repository.get(db, user_id) if not user: raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found") return user
@router.patch("/{user_id}", response_model=User) async def update_user( user_id: int, user_in: UserUpdate, db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db), current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user) ): """Update user.""" if current_user.id != user_id: raise HTTPException(status_code=403, detail="Not authorized")
user = await user_service.update_user(db, user_id, user_in)
if not user:
raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found")
return user
@router.delete("/{user_id}", status_code=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT) async def delete_user( user_id: int, db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db), current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user) ): """Delete user.""" if current_user.id != user_id: raise HTTPException(status_code=403, detail="Not authorized")
deleted = await user_service.repository.delete(db, user_id)
if not deleted:
raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found")
Pattern 5: Authentication & Authorization
core/security.py
from datetime import datetime, timedelta from typing import Optional from jose import JWTError, jwt from passlib.context import CryptContext from app.core.config import get_settings
settings = get_settings() pwd_context = CryptContext(schemes=["bcrypt"], deprecated="auto")
ALGORITHM = "HS256"
def create_access_token(data: dict, expires_delta: Optional[timedelta] = None): """Create JWT access token.""" to_encode = data.copy() if expires_delta: expire = datetime.utcnow() + expires_delta else: expire = datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(minutes=15) to_encode.update({"exp": expire}) encoded_jwt = jwt.encode(to_encode, settings.SECRET_KEY, algorithm=ALGORITHM) return encoded_jwt
def verify_password(plain_password: str, hashed_password: str) -> bool: """Verify password against hash.""" return pwd_context.verify(plain_password, hashed_password)
def get_password_hash(password: str) -> str: """Hash password.""" return pwd_context.hash(password)
api/dependencies.py
from fastapi import Depends, HTTPException, status from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer from jose import JWTError, jwt from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
from app.core.database import get_db from app.core.security import ALGORITHM from app.core.config import get_settings from app.repositories.user_repository import user_repository
oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl=f"{settings.API_V1_STR}/auth/login")
async def get_current_user( db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db), token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme) ): """Get current authenticated user.""" credentials_exception = HTTPException( status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED, detail="Could not validate credentials", headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"}, )
try:
payload = jwt.decode(token, settings.SECRET_KEY, algorithms=[ALGORITHM])
user_id: int = payload.get("sub")
if user_id is None:
raise credentials_exception
except JWTError:
raise credentials_exception
user = await user_repository.get(db, user_id)
if user is None:
raise credentials_exception
return user
Testing
tests/conftest.py
import pytest import asyncio from httpx import AsyncClient from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine, AsyncSession from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from app.main import app from app.core.database import get_db, Base
TEST_DATABASE_URL = "sqlite+aiosqlite:///:memory:"
@pytest.fixture(scope="session") def event_loop(): loop = asyncio.get_event_loop_policy().new_event_loop() yield loop loop.close()
@pytest.fixture async def db_session(): engine = create_async_engine(TEST_DATABASE_URL, echo=True) async with engine.begin() as conn: await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)
AsyncSessionLocal = sessionmaker(
engine, class_=AsyncSession, expire_on_commit=False
)
async with AsyncSessionLocal() as session:
yield session
@pytest.fixture async def client(db_session): async def override_get_db(): yield db_session
app.dependency_overrides[get_db] = override_get_db
async with AsyncClient(app=app, base_url="http://test") as client:
yield client
tests/test_users.py
import pytest
@pytest.mark.asyncio async def test_create_user(client): response = await client.post( "/api/v1/users/", json={ "email": "test@example.com", "password": "testpass123", "name": "Test User" } ) assert response.status_code == 201 data = response.json() assert data["email"] == "test@example.com" assert "id" in data
Resources references/fastapi-architecture.md: Detailed architecture guide references/async-best-practices.md: Async/await patterns references/testing-strategies.md: Comprehensive testing guide assets/project-template/: Complete FastAPI project assets/docker-compose.yml: Development environment setup Best Practices Async All The Way: Use async for database, external APIs Dependency Injection: Leverage FastAPI's DI system Repository Pattern: Separate data access from business logic Service Layer: Keep business logic out of routes Pydantic Schemas: Strong typing for request/response Error Handling: Consistent error responses Testing: Test all layers independently Common Pitfalls Blocking Code in Async: Using synchronous database drivers No Service Layer: Business logic in route handlers Missing Type Hints: Loses FastAPI's benefits Ignoring Sessions: Not properly managing database sessions No Testing: Skipping integration tests Tight Coupling: Direct database access in routes