SwiftUI Patterns Modern SwiftUI patterns for building declarative, performant user interfaces on Apple platforms. Covers the Observation framework, view composition, type-safe navigation, and performance optimization. When to Activate Building SwiftUI views and managing state ( @State , @Observable , @Binding ) Designing navigation flows with NavigationStack Structuring view models and data flow Optimizing rendering performance for lists and complex layouts Working with environment values and dependency injection in SwiftUI State Management Property Wrapper Selection Choose the simplest wrapper that fits: Wrapper Use Case @State View-local value types (toggles, form fields, sheet presentation) @Binding Two-way reference to parent's @State @Observable class + @State Owned model with multiple properties @Observable class (no wrapper) Read-only reference passed from parent @Bindable Two-way binding to an @Observable property @Environment Shared dependencies injected via .environment() @Observable ViewModel Use @Observable (not ObservableObject ) — it tracks property-level changes so SwiftUI only re-renders views that read the changed property: @Observable final class ItemListViewModel { private ( set ) var items : [ Item ] = [ ] private ( set ) var isLoading = false var searchText = "" private let repository : any ItemRepository init ( repository : any ItemRepository = DefaultItemRepository ( ) ) { self . repository = repository } func load ( ) async { isLoading = true defer { isLoading = false } items = ( try ? await repository . fetchAll ( ) ) ?? [ ] } } View Consuming the ViewModel struct ItemListView : View { @State private var viewModel : ItemListViewModel init ( viewModel : ItemListViewModel = ItemListViewModel ( ) ) { _viewModel = State ( initialValue : viewModel ) } var body : some View { List ( viewModel . items ) { item in ItemRow ( item : item ) } . searchable ( text : $viewModel . searchText ) . overlay { if viewModel . isLoading { ProgressView ( ) } } . task { await viewModel . load ( ) } } } Environment Injection Replace @EnvironmentObject with @Environment : // Inject ContentView ( ) . environment ( authManager ) // Consume struct ProfileView : View { @Environment ( AuthManager . self ) private var auth var body : some View { Text ( auth . currentUser ? . name ?? "Guest" ) } } View Composition Extract Subviews to Limit Invalidation Break views into small, focused structs. When state changes, only the subview reading that state re-renders: struct OrderView : View { @State private var viewModel = OrderViewModel ( ) var body : some View { VStack { OrderHeader ( title : viewModel . title ) OrderItemList ( items : viewModel . items ) OrderTotal ( total : viewModel . total ) } } } ViewModifier for Reusable Styling struct CardModifier : ViewModifier { func body ( content : Content ) -> some View { content . padding ( ) . background ( . regularMaterial ) . clipShape ( RoundedRectangle ( cornerRadius : 12 ) ) } } extension View { func cardStyle ( ) -> some View { modifier ( CardModifier ( ) ) } } Navigation Type-Safe NavigationStack Use NavigationStack with NavigationPath for programmatic, type-safe routing: @Observable final class Router { var path = NavigationPath ( ) func navigate ( to destination : Destination ) { path . append ( destination ) } func popToRoot ( ) { path = NavigationPath ( ) } } enum Destination : Hashable { case detail ( Item . ID ) case settings case profile ( User . ID ) } struct RootView : View { @State private var router = Router ( ) var body : some View { NavigationStack ( path : $router . path ) { HomeView ( ) . navigationDestination ( for : Destination . self ) { dest in switch dest { case . detail ( let id ) : ItemDetailView ( itemID : id ) case . settings : SettingsView ( ) case . profile ( let id ) : ProfileView ( userID : id ) } } } . environment ( router ) } } Performance Use Lazy Containers for Large Collections LazyVStack and LazyHStack create views only when visible: ScrollView { LazyVStack ( spacing : 8 ) { ForEach ( items ) { item in ItemRow ( item : item ) } } } Stable Identifiers Always use stable, unique IDs in ForEach — avoid using array indices: // Use Identifiable conformance or explicit id ForEach ( items , id : \ . stableID ) { item in ItemRow ( item : item ) } Avoid Expensive Work in body Never perform I/O, network calls, or heavy computation inside body Use .task {} for async work — it cancels automatically when the view disappears Use .sensoryFeedback() and .geometryGroup() sparingly in scroll views Minimize .shadow() , .blur() , and .mask() in lists — they trigger offscreen rendering Equatable Conformance For views with expensive bodies, conform to Equatable to skip unnecessary re-renders: struct ExpensiveChartView : View , Equatable { let dataPoints : [ DataPoint ] // DataPoint must conform to Equatable static func == ( lhs : Self , rhs : Self ) -> Bool { lhs . dataPoints == rhs . dataPoints } var body : some View { // Complex chart rendering } } Previews Use

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macro with inline mock data for fast iteration:

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( "Empty state" ) { ItemListView ( viewModel : ItemListViewModel ( repository : EmptyMockRepository ( ) ) ) }

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( "Loaded" ) { ItemListView ( viewModel : ItemListViewModel ( repository : PopulatedMockRepository ( ) ) ) } Anti-Patterns to Avoid Using ObservableObject / @Published / @StateObject / @EnvironmentObject in new code — migrate to @Observable Putting async work directly in body or init — use .task {} or explicit load methods Creating view models as @State inside child views that don't own the data — pass from parent instead Using AnyView type erasure — prefer @ViewBuilder or Group for conditional views Ignoring Sendable requirements when passing data to/from actors References See skill: swift-actor-persistence for actor-based persistence patterns. See skill: swift-protocol-di-testing for protocol-based DI and testing with Swift Testing.